Hemp

Hemp seed, hulled
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	2,451 kJ (586 kcal)
Carbohydrates	4.67 g
Sugars lactose	1.50 g 0.07 g
Dietary fiber	4.0 g
Fat	48.75 g
Saturated	4.600 g
Trans	0 g
Monounsaturated	5.400 g
Polyunsaturated omega‑3 omega‑6	38.100 g 9.301 g 28.698 g
Protein	31.56 g
Tryptophan	0.369 g
Threonine	1.269 g
Isoleucine	1.286 g
Leucine	2.163 g
Lysine	1.276 g
Methionine	0.933 g
Cystine	0.672 g
Phenylalanine	1.447 g
Tyrosine	1.263 g
Valine	1.777 g
Arginine	4.550 g
Histidine	0.969 g
Alanine	1.528 g
Aspartic acid	3.662 g
Glutamic acid	6.269 g
Glycine	1.611 g
Proline	1.597 g
Serine	1.713 g
Vitamins	Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene	0% ; 1 μg ; 0% ; 7 μg
Vitamin A	11 IU
Thiamine (B1)	111% ; 1.275 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	24% ; 0.285 mg
Niacin (B3)	61% ; 9.200 mg
Vitamin B6	46% ; 0.600 mg
Folate (B9)	28% ; 110 μg
Vitamin B12	0% ; 0 μg
Vitamin C	1% ; 0.5 mg
Vitamin E	5% ; 0.80 mg
Minerals	Quantity %DV†
Calcium	7% ; 70 mg
Copper	80% ; 1.600 mg
Iron	61% ; 7.95 mg
Magnesium	197% ; 700 mg
Manganese	362% ; 7.600 mg
Phosphorus	236% ; 1650 mg
Potassium	26% ; 1200 mg
Sodium	0% ; 5 mg
Zinc	104% ; 9.90 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	4.96 g
Cholesterol	0 mg
	Link to Complete USDA Nutrient Database Entry
	Units; μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams; IU = International units;
	†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

A hemp field in Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany, France (Europe's largest hemp producer)

Hemp, or industrial hemp (from Old English hænep),^[1] typically found in the northern hemisphere, is a strain of the Cannabis sativa plant species that is grown specifically for the industrial uses of its derived products.^[2] It is one of the fastest growing plants^[3] and was one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 10,000 years ago.^[4] It can be refined into a variety of commercial items including paper, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.^[5]^[6]

Although cannabis as a drug and industrial hemp both derive from the species Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactivecomponent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they are distinct strainswith unique phytochemical compositions and uses.^[7] Hemp has lower concentrations of THC and higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), which decreases or eliminates its psychoactive effects.^[7] The legality of industrial hemp varies widely between countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content.^[8]^[9]

EtymologyEdit

The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto-Indo-European source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term kánnabis is the oldest attested form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier Scythian or Thracian word.^[10]^[11] Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin, and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic, Finnish, and Germanic languages.^[12] Following Grimm's law, the "k" would have changed to "h" with the first Germanic sound shift,^[10]^[13] after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, hænep. However, this theory assumes that hemp was not widely spread among different societies until after it was already being used as a psychoactive drug, which Adams and Mallory (1997) believe to be unlikely based on archaeological evidence.^[10] Barber (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name "kannabis" was due to its historically more recent drug use, starting from the south, around Iran, whereas non-THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric.^[12] Another possible source of origin is Assyrian qunnabu, which was the name for a source of oil, fiber, and medicine in the 1st millennium BC.^[12]

Cognates of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch hennep, Danish and Norwegian hamp, German Hanf, and Swedish hampa.^[10]

UsesEdit

Hemp seed

Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation, and biofuel.^[5] The bast fibers can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as flax, cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make woven fabrics for apparel and furnishings. The inner two fibers of the plant are more woody and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding and litter. When oxidized (often erroneously referred to as "drying"), hemp oil from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well.^[14] A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the European Union was used in animal and bird feed.^[15]

FoodEdit

Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, sprouted or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a liquid and used for baking or for beverages such as hemp milk and tisanes.^[16] Hemp oil is cold-pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids.^[17]The leaves of the hemp plant, while not as nutritional as the seeds, are edible and can be consumed raw as leafy vegetables in salads, and pressed to make juice.^[18]

In 2011, the U.S. imported $11.5 million worth of hemp products, mostly driven by growth in the demand for hemp seed and hemp oil for use as ingredients in foods such as granola.^[19]

In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs treats hemp as a purely non-food crop, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0.2% THC concentration, hemp seeds can be imported for sowing or for sale as a food or food ingredient.^[20] In the U.S., imported hemp can be used legally in food products and, as of 2000, was typically sold in health food stores or through mail order.^[17]

Whole hemp seeds

Hulled hemp seeds

NutritionEdit

A 100-gram portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies 586 calories. They contain 5% water, 5% carbohydrates, 49% total fat, and 31% protein. Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64% of the Daily Value (DV) of protein per 100-gram serving.^[21] Hemp seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber (20% DV), B vitamins, and the dietary minerals manganese (362% DV), phosphorus(236% DV), magnesium (197% DV), zinc (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). About 73% of the energy in hempseed is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids,^[21] mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and alpha-linolenic acids.^[22]

Hempseed's amino acid profile is comparable to other sources of protein such as meat, milk, eggs and soy.^[22] Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS), which attempt to measure the degree to which a food for humans is a "complete protein", were 0.49–0.53 for whole hemp seed, 0.46–0.51 for hempseed meal, and 0.63–0.66 for hulled hempseed.^[23]

StorageEdit

Hemp oil oxidizes and turns rancid within a short period of time if not stored properly;^[17] its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated. Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil.^[24]

FiberEdit

Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history, with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail canvas. The word "canvas" is derived from the word cannabis.^[25]^[26] Pure hemp has a texture similar to linen.^[27]Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products, today hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell.^[28]

Hemp stem showing fibers

100% Hemp fabric

Hemp dress

Hemp shorts

Hemp sack

Hemp shoes

Building materialEdit

Concrete-like blocks made with hemp and lime have been used as an insulating material for construction. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements; they must be supported by a brick, wood, or steel frame.^[29] However, hemp fibres are extremely strong and durable, and have been shown to be usable as a replacement for wood for many jobs, including creating very durable and breathable homes. The most common use of hemp lime in building is by casting the hemp and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering, and tamping the mix to form a firm mass; after the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with a lime plaster.^[30]

The first example of the use of hempcrete was in 1986 in France with the renovation of the Maison de la Turquie in Nogent-sur-Seine by the innovator Charles Rasetti.^[31] In the UK hemp lime was first used in 2000 for the construction of two test dwellings in Haverhill.^[32] Designed by Modece Architects,^[33] who pioneered hemp's use in UK construction, the hemp houses were monitored in comparison with other standard dwellings by BRE. Completed in 2009, the Renewable House is one of the most technologically advanced made from hemp-based materials.^[34] The first US home made of hemp-based materials was completed in August 2010 in Asheville, North Carolina.^[35]

A panellized system of hemp-lime panels for use in building construction is currently under test in a European Union-funded research collaboration led by the University of Bath. The panels are being designed to assure high-quality construction, rapid on-site erection, optimal hygrothermal performance from day one, and energy- and resource-efficient buildings. The 36-month-long work programme aims to refine product and manufacturing protocols, produce data for certification and marketing, warranty, insurance cover, and availability of finance. It also includes the development of markets in Britain, France, and Spain.^[36]

Hemp is used as an internal plaster and is a mixture of hemp hurd (shive) mixed with larger proportions of a lime-based binder. Hemp plaster has insulative qualities.^[37]

Hemp fiber board

Hemp thermal insulation

Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks

Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation

Concrete block made with hemp in France

Plastic and composite materialsEdit

A mixture of fiberglass, hemp fiber, kenaf, and flax has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles.^[38] The choice of which bast fiber to use is primarily based on cost and availability. Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars, including Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Chrysler, Honda, Iveco, Lotus, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Saturn, Volkswagen^[39] and Volvo. For example, the Lotus Eco Elise^[40] and the Mercedes C-Class both contain hemp (up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter).^[41]

Hemp plastic interior of a car door

Hemp plastic automobile glove box

Hemp plastic column, automobile

Hemp composite sink basin

PaperEdit

Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp. The products are mainly specialty papers such as cigarette paper,^[42]banknotes and technical filter papers.^[43] Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fibre, a significantly lower lignin fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and tensile strength. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood,^[44] so hemp paper could not be used for mass applications as printing, writing and packaging paper.

JewelryEdit

Hemp and bead jewelry

Hemp jewelry is the product of knotting hemp twine through the practice of macramé. Hemp jewellery includes bracelets, necklaces, anklets, rings, watches, and other adornments. Some jewellery features beads made from crystals, glass, stone, woodand bones. The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors. There are many different stitches used to create hemp jewellery, however, the half knot and full knot stitches are most common.

CordageEdit

Hemp rope

Hemp rope was used in the age of sailing ships, though the rope had to be protected by tarring, since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from rot, as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside.^[45] Tarring was a labor-intensive process, and earned sailors the nickname "Jack Tar". Hemp rope was phased out when manila rope, which does not require tarring, became widely available. Manila is sometimes referred to as Manila hemp, but is not related to hemp; it is abacá, a species of banana.

Animal beddingEdit

Hemp straw animal bedding

Hemp shives are the core of the stem, hemp hurds are broken parts of the core. In the EU, they are used for animal bedding (horses, for instance), or for horticultural mulch.^[46] Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives (or even seeds) can be used.

Water and soil purificationEdit

Hemp can be used as a "mop crop" to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site, by way of a process which is known as phytoremediation—the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air.^[47]

Weed controlEdit

Hemp crops are tall, have thick foliage, and can be planted densely, and thus can be grown as a smother crop to kill tough weeds.^[48] Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides, gain organic certification, and gain the benefits of crop rotation. However, due to the plant's rapid and dense growth characteristics, some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed, much like Scotch Broom.^[49]

The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle.

BiofuelsEdit

Biodiesel sample

Biodiesel can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks; this product is sometimes called "hempoline".^[50] Alcohol fuel (ethanol or, less commonly, methanol) can be made by fermenting the whole plant.

Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power diesel engines. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine, which he intended to power "by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils, which earlier were used for oil lamps, i.e. the Argand lamp."^[51]^[52]^[53]

Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small. Commercial biodieseland biogas is typically produced from cereals, coconuts, palmseeds, and cheaper raw materials like garbage, wastewater, dead plant and animal material, animal feces and kitchen waste.^[54]

ProcessingEdit

Separation of hurd and bast fiber is known as decortication. Traditionally, hemp stalks would be water-retted first before the fibers were beaten off the inner hurd by hand, a process known as scutching. As mechanical technology evolved, separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers, or by hammer-milling, wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd, smaller bast fibers, and dust fall through the screen. After the Marijuana Tax Act was implemented in 1938, the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained "frozen in time". Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber.

Only in 1997, did Ireland, parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow industrial hemp again. Iterations of the 1930s decorticator have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as thermomechanical pulping.^{[citation needed]}

Ref:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

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[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

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[54]

Yoma Strategic	0.71	+0.01	+1.43%
Interra Resource	0.215	+0.01	+4.88%
Myanmar Inv Int	1.135	0.00	+0.00%
$ We	0.011	-0.001	-8.33%
Super Group	1.145	-0.03	-2.55%
$ Ntegrator Intl	0.03	0.00	+0.00%
Upp	0.245	0.00	+0.00%
Kreuz	0.80	0.00	+0.00%
Gunkul Engineer-f	0.48	+0.181	+37.71%
Usd/mmk	1038.00	N/A	N/A

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	2,451 kJ (586 kcal)

Carbohydrates	4.67 g
Sugars lactose	1.50 g 0.07 g
Dietary fiber	4.0 g

Fat	48.75 g
Saturated	4.600 g
Trans	0 g
Monounsaturated	5.400 g
Polyunsaturated omega‑3 omega‑6	38.100 g 9.301 g 28.698 g

Protein	31.56 g
Tryptophan	0.369 g
Threonine	1.269 g
Isoleucine	1.286 g
Leucine	2.163 g
Lysine	1.276 g
Methionine	0.933 g
Cystine	0.672 g
Phenylalanine	1.447 g
Tyrosine	1.263 g
Valine	1.777 g
Arginine	4.550 g
Histidine	0.969 g
Alanine	1.528 g
Aspartic acid	3.662 g
Glutamic acid	6.269 g
Glycine	1.611 g
Proline	1.597 g
Serine	1.713 g

Vitamins	Quantity %DV^†
Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene	0% 1 μg 0% 7 μg
Vitamin A	11 IU
Thiamine (B1)	111% 1.275 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	24% 0.285 mg
Niacin (B3)	61% 9.200 mg
Vitamin B6	46% 0.600 mg
Folate (B9)	28% 110 μg
Vitamin B12	0% 0 μg
Vitamin C	1% 0.5 mg
Vitamin E	5% 0.80 mg

Minerals	Quantity %DV^†
Calcium	7% 70 mg
Copper	80% 1.600 mg
Iron	61% 7.95 mg
Magnesium	197% 700 mg
Manganese	362% 7.600 mg
Phosphorus	236% 1650 mg
Potassium	26% 1200 mg
Sodium	0% 5 mg
Zinc	104% 9.90 mg

Other constituents	Quantity
Water	4.96 g
Cholesterol	0 mg
Link to Complete USDA Nutrient Database Entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
^†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

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Wrapping It Up…

Hemp

Contents

EtymologyEdit

UsesEdit

FoodEdit

NutritionEdit

StorageEdit

FiberEdit

Building materialEdit

Plastic and composite materialsEdit

PaperEdit

JewelryEdit

CordageEdit

Animal beddingEdit

Water and soil purificationEdit

Weed controlEdit

BiofuelsEdit

ProcessingEdit

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