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Friday, March 29, 2019

ျမန္မာျပည္ Hakka တရုတ္ေတြမ်ား

Hakka people


တရုတ္ႀကီး ဦးေနဝင္း၊ တရုတ္ေျမး ေအးေနဝင္း(မိဘဘုိးဘြား ဇာတိမွန္ကုိ ဖုံးကြယ္ျခင္းသည္ ေက်းဇူးကန္းျခင္း၊ ေက်းဇူးတရားကုိ မသိျခင္း ျဖစ္၏။)


ဦးေန၀င္း၏ မိဘမ်ားကုိ စာအုပ္အသီးသီး၌ ဗမာလူမ်ဳိး၊ ဗုဒၶဘာသာဟု ေဖာ္ျပေနေသာ္လည္း ဖခင္ ဦးဖုိးခမွာ တ႐ုတ္ႏုိင္ငံ၊ ကြမ္တုန္းျပည္နယ္ႏွင့္ ဖူက်န္းျပည္နယ္ ဟတ္ကား (Hakka) (စက) လူမ်ဳိး ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ၀က္ကုန္သည္ဟု ၀ါရင့္ ႏုိင္ငံေရးသမားႀကီးႏွင့္ ဗဟုိတရား႐ုံးခ်ဳပ္ ေရွ႕ေနႀကီး ႏုိင္ငံ့ဂုဏ္ရည္ ပထမအဆင့္ရ မြန္ဦးဖုိးခ်ိဳက စာေရးသူအား ေျပာျပဖူးသည္။


ဤေနရာ၌ အနည္းငယ္ ရွင္းျပလုိပါသည္။ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာျပည္တြင္ တ႐ုတ္လူမ်ဳိး အုပ္စုသုံးစု ၀င္ေရာက္ေနထုိင္လာၾကသည္။ (၁) ဖူက်န္႔ျပည္နယ္မွ ဟုတ္ကင္လူမ်ဳိး (အက်ႌလက္ရွည္၊ လက္ရွည္)၊ (၂)ကြမ္တုန္းျပည္နယ္မွ ကြမ္တုန္းလူမ်ဳိး(အက်ႌလက္တုိ၊ လက္တုိ)ႏွင့္ (၃) ဖူးက်န္႔ႏွင့္ ကြမ္တုန္ျပည္နယ္မွ ဟတ္ကားလူမ်ဳိး (စက)တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။ ဦးေန၀င္း၏ဖခင္ ဦးဖုိးခသည္ အရွည္လည္း မဟုတ္သလုိ အတုိလည္း မဟုတ္သည့္ လက္စကလူမ်ဳိးျဖစ္သည္။


ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံရွိ တ႐ုတ္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအနက္ “ဟုတ္ကင္” ႏွင့္ “ကြမ္တုန္” တုိ႔မွာ ၄၅ ရာခုိင္ႏႈန္းခန္႔ ရွိသည္။ “ဟတ္ကား” လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားကုိမူ ၄င္းတုိ႔၏ မူလဌာေနကုိ အစြဲျပဳ၍ ဖူက်န္႔မွလာသူကုိ အက်ႌရွည္ ဟတ္ကားႏွင့္ ကြမ္တုန္မွလာသူကုိ အက်ႌတုိ ဟတ္ကားဟု ထပ္မံခြဲျခားထားသည္။ ျမန္မာျပည္ရွိ တ႐ုတ္မ်ားအနက္ ကြမ္တုန္ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားသည္ အဆင္းရဲဆုံး၊ အစုိးရ၀န္ထမ္းမ်ားႏွင့္ အခ်ိတ္အဆက္ ေကာင္းသည့္ ဟုတ္ကင္မ်ားသည္ အခ်မ္းသာဆုံးဟု ျမန္မာမ်ား အၾကားတြင္ ေရွး႐ုိးစြဲ အျမင္မ်ားရွိသည္။


အထက္ျမန္မာျပည္ႏွင့္ ရွမ္းကုန္းျပင္ျမင့္ ေဒသတြင္ အေျခခ်သည့္ တ႐ုတ္လူမ်ဳိး အမ်ားစုမွာ ယူနန္ျပည္နယ္ဘက္မွ လာသည့္ ယူနန္လူမ်ဳိး၊ ပန္းေသးမ်ားႏွင့္ ကုိးကန္႔လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားသည္ အဓိက ျဖစ္သည္။ ကုိးကန္႔ႏွင့္ ပန္းေသးမ်ားမွာ ျမန္မာျပည္ရွိ တ႐ုတ္လူမ်ဳိးဦးေရ၏ ၂၁ ရာခုိင္ႏႈန္းခန္႔ ရွိသည္။ က်န္တ႐ုတ္မ်ားမွာ တ႐ုတ္ ျမန္မာကျပားမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။


ဦးေန၀င္းသည္ တ႐ုတ္ေသြးပါေသာ္လည္း ၄င္းသည္ တ႐ုတ္ေသြး လုံး၀မပါဟု အခါအခြင့္သင့္တုိင္း ျငင္းခ်က္ထုတ္ေလ့ရွိသည္။ ေဒါက္တာေမာင္ေမာင္ ေရးသားခဲ့ေသာ “ျမန္မာ့ႏုိင္ငံေရး ခရီးႏွင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေန၀င္း”စာအုပ္ စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၄၃၇ ၌ပင္ ဦးေန၀င္းက


“ဒီေတာ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တစ္ခုပဲ ေျပာခ်င္တယ္။ ႀကံဳတုန္းကုိ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ဘုိးဘီ၊ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ မွတ္မိသေလာက္ေပါ့။ သုံးဆက္ေလးဆက္ရွိေအာင္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔မွာ ႏုိင္ငံျခားေသြး တစ္ေသြးမွ မပါပါဘူး။ ဘာေသြးမွမပါဘူး။ ဟုတ္လား။ အဲဒီေတာ့ ဒီေသြးပါတယ္ မပါဘူးဆုိတာ ဗမာအယူအဆ၊ ဗမာအေတြးအေခၚ။ ဒါကေလး ကၽြန္ေတာ္ နည္းနည္း ေျပာျပခ်င္တယ္။ ဒီဗမာလည္း နတ္တင္တယ္။ တ႐ုတ္လည္း နတ္တင္တယ္။ ဟုတ္လား အဲဒီေတာ့ ဗမာတင္တဲ့နတ္နဲ႔ တ႐ုတ္တင္တဲ့နတ္ဟာ တူသလားဗ်ာ။ သူတုိ႔က က်စ္ဆံနီတုိ႔ ဘာတုိ႔ေပါ့။ ကၽြန္ေတာ္သိသေလာက္ ဒီ့အျပင္ ဘာေတြ မသိတာေတြလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ တစ္ေတြဟာ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ မိဘဘုိးဘြား၊ ဒီတလုိင္းနတ္ သူတုိ႔ေျပာတာပါပဲ။ ဒါဘယ္ေလာက္မွန္သလဲေတာ့ မေျပာတတ္ဘူး။ တလုိင္းနတ္ထဲေတာင္မွ ခပ္ညံ့ညံ့ပါဗ်ာ။ ငါးရံ႕နဖားႀကိဳး ထုိးတဲ့နတ္။ အဲဒါ ငါးရံ႕နဖားႀကိဳး ထုိးၿပီး တင္ရတယ္။ နတ္တင္တဲ့ အမ်ဳိး ဘယ့္ႏွယ္လုပ္ၿပီး တ႐ုတ္ျဖစ္မလဲဗ်” ဟူ၍ ျငင္းခ်က္ထုတ္ခဲ့သည္။


ဦးေန၀င္း တ႐ုတ္မဟုတ္ေၾကာင္း သိသိခ်ည္းႏွင့္ ေျဗာင္လိမ္ေပးခဲ့သူမွာ ဦးညိဳျမျဖစ္သည္။ သူသည္ အုိးေ၀ဂ်ာနယ္ အမွတ္ ၁၇ (၁၉၆၉ ဧၿပီလ ၁၅ရက္) ထုတ္၌ ေမာင္သုမန ကေလာင္ကြဲျဖင့္ “ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေန၀င္း တ႐ုတ္ဆုိသူ အေဖမွာ ထုိးကြင္းႀကီးနဲ႔ ေခါင္းစဥ္တပ္ေရးသားကာ ဓာတ္ပုံႏွင့္တကြ ေဖာ္ျပ၍ အမွန္တရားကုိ ဖုံးဖိေပးခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းအတြက္ ဦးညိဳျမအား ဦးေန၀င္းက ေက်းဇူးဆပ္သည့္ အေနျဖင့္ ဆိပ္ကမ္းသာလမ္း (အေရွ႕)၌ တုိက္ခန္းတစ္ခန္း ၀ယ္ေပးခဲ့သည္။


အမွန္မွာ ဦးညိဳျမ၏ အုိးေ၀ဂ်ာနယ္၌ ႐ုိက္ကူးေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ေသာ ဦးဖုိးခ ခါးေတာင္းက်ဳိက္ ဓာတ္ပုံမွာ ဘာထုိးကြင္းမွ မပါရွိေပ။ ထုိစဥ္က အုိးေ၀ဂ်ာနယ္တြင္ သတင္းေထာက္ ၀င္ေရာက္လုပ္ကုိင္ေနေသာ စာေရးဆရာႀကီး တကၠသုိလ္စိန္တင္က ဦးညိဳျမခုိင္း၍ သူကုိယ္တုိင္ဓာတ္ပုံတြင္ မင္ျဖင့္ ထုိးကြင္းပုံမ်ား ေရးဆြဲေပးခဲ့ရေၾကာင္း စာေရးသူအား ေျပာျပခဲ့ပါသည္။ မယုံလွ်င္ ယေန႔တုိင္ တကၠသုိလ္စိန္တင္သည္ သက္ရွိထင္ရွား ရွိေနေသး၍ ေမးျမန္းစုံစမ္းႏုိင္ပါသည္။ (စကားခ်ပ္)


သန္းဝင္းလႈိင္


ပဲႏြယ္ကုန္းၿမိဳ႕မွ ကြယ္လြန္သူ ဦးအန္းကူက ဦးေနဝင္းရဲ့ မိဘႏွစ္ပါးလုံးဟာ တရုုတ္စစ္စစ္ေတြျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းနဲ႔ သူတုုိ႔ေနတဲ့ တရုုတ္ျပည္က ရြာအမည္၊ အေဖ၊ အေမနဲ႔ ဦးေနဝင္းတုုိ႔ရဲ့ တရုတ္အမည္ေတြအားလုုံးကုိ က်ေနာ့ကုိ ေျပာျပခဲ့ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္က ေရးမွတ္မထားခဲ့မိဘူး။ 


ဦးေနဝင္းရဲ့ လက္စဲြေတာ္တစ္ဦးျဖစ္တဲ့ ဦးခ်စ္လႈိင္ကလည္း ဦးေနဝင္းက သူတုိ႔မိသားစုေတြဟာ ကေနာင္မင္းဆက္ျဖစ္တယ္လိုု႔ ေျပာခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ေရးခဲ့ျပန္တယ္။


ေအာင္တင္


TIGER BALM HISTORY AND TIM CHIN TSONG PALACE HISTORY IN MYANMAR!


https://www.academia.edu/31998133/TIGER_BALM_HISTORY_AND_TIM_CHIN_TSONG_PALACE_HISTORY_IN_MYANMAR


Prominent political leaders



My grandfather is Hakka. The origin of Hakka is found in the central plains. The Hakka Cultural Center opens at the Zhengdong Economic Center. I will reveal a statue of my grandfather in the cultural center to promote the Hakka spirit. - Sun Huifang, granddaughter of Sun Yat-sen, founding father of modern China (2003) [112]


  • Lee Kuan Yew, founding father of modern Singapore; first Prime Minister of Singapore, 1959–1990
  • Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore, 2004–present
  • Yap Ah Loy, founder, modern Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia, 1860s
  • Leong Fee, first Chinese member, Federal Legislative Council, Malaysia, 1909[97]
  • Low Fang Pak, founder and President, Hakka Republic of Lanfang in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, 1777–1795; the republic lasted for 107 years from 1777 to 1884 and had twelve presidents who are all Meixian Hakkas
  • Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Chung Ban Hok), first ethnic Chinese Governor of Jakarta, capital of Indonesia, which is considered to be the third most powerful position in Indonesia serving from 2014–2017 (after he was charged for blasphemy and his defeat in the gubernatorial elections)[98][99]
  • Hasan Karman, first Chinese Mayor in Indonesia, 2007–2012
  • Sok An,[100] Deputy Prime Minister, Cambodia, 2004–present





Tiger balm

https://www.academia.edu/31998133/TIGER_BALM_HISTORY_AND_TIM_CHIN_TSONG_PALACE_HISTORY_IN_MYANMAR


Aw Boon Haw


Aw Boon-Haw (Chinese: 胡文虎; pinyin: Hú Wénhǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ô͘ Bûn-hó͘; 1882 in Rangoon, British Burma – 1954 in Hawaii), OBE, was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known as founder of Tiger Balm. He was a son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu-Kin, with his ancestral home in Yongding County, Fujian Province, China.


Career

In 1926, Aw migrated to Malaysia,[citation needed] where he began the business of Tiger Red Balm with his brother, Aw Boon-Par. Aw also founded several newspapers, including Sin Chew Jit Poh in Singapore and Sin Pin Jit Poh in Penang (both currently based in Malaysia); and Sing Tao Daily (which dates back to 1938 and is currently based in Hong Kong). Aw moved to Hong Kong during the Japanese occupation of Singapore[citation needed] and managed the business from there, while his brother stayed in Singapore until he closed down the factory and went to Rangoon. Aw returned to Singapore[citation needed] after the end of World War II and re-established his business.




Hakka community




The Hakka community is the fourth-largest Chinese dialect group in Singapore. According to the 2010 Singapore census, the Hakkas made up about 8 percent of the Chinese resident population.1 Originating from southern China, the Hakkas were already in Singapore by the early 19th century.2 A famous Singapore-born Hakka was the late Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, who is credited as instrumental in transforming Singapore from third-world country to a thriving metropolis.3


Background

At the time of Singapore’s founding in 1819, there were only about 30 Chinese among a population of 150. By 1827, the Chinese had become the largest group of inhabitants, outnumbering even the Malays. The Chinese population, by 1840, was large enough for at least four dialect groups to be identified, and the Hakka was one of them.4


The ancestors of the Hakkas originated from the provinces of Henan and Shanxi in north China, migrating south during the Yuan (1279–1368) and Ming (1368–1644) dynasties. The name “Hakka”, or Khek, which the community is also known as, literally means “guest people”.5 They were associated with this name during the Ming dynasty when the provinces where they finally settled in classified them as “guest inhabitants” to distinguish them from the local residents.6 Their migration to Singapore was an extension of their southward movement within China, which had resulted in large populations of Hakkas in the southern provinces of Fujian and Guangdong.7


The community in Singapore was once concentrated in areas like South Bridge Road, North Bridge Road and Lorong Tai Seng (in Paya Lebar). However, like the other Chinese dialect groups, they are now spread all over the island.8


Trades

The Hakka immigrants were involved in agriculture when they first arrived in Singapore, especially in the cultivation of pepper and gambier.9 They also ventured into, and later dominated, the Chinese medicine business. It has been said that in the 1920s, the largest Chinese medicine halls were owned by Hakkas.10 A famous Hakka in the Chinese medicine business was the late Aw Boon Haw, an eminent philanthropist and community leader who was also known as the “Tiger Balm King”, after the brand of Chinese medicated balm that he founded together with his brother Aw Boon Par.11 


Another trade in which the Hakkas dominated was pawn broking. A Hakka by the name of Lan Qiushan (蓝秋山) is considered a pioneer in the local pawn broking industry. In 1872, Lan set up a pawn broking business with his friend at Silat Road. The Hakkas continued to dominate the industry in the 20th century, mainly because of the preference towards Hakkas when existing operators chose their business partners and employees, and the fact that their network consisted primarily of the Hakkas.12


Hakka women are noted for their resilience and independent nature.13 In the early days, many Hakka women worked in construction sites and wore head gear similar to those of the samsui women. However, unlike the samsui women who wore red head gear, the Hakka women wore head gear in blue or grey colours or with floral patterns.14


Temples and associations
The Fook Tet Soo Khek Temple, built by the first Hakka immigrants for the deity Tua Pek Kong, is believed to have existed since the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819.15 This makes it possibly the oldest Taoist temple here. Better known as the Wang Hai Da Bo Gong Miao (望海大伯公庙), it is located at the foot of the former Mount Palmer off Shenton Way.16 Another early temple built by the Hakkas was the Fuk Tak Chi Temple (福德祠) at Telok Ayer Street. This was established together with the Cantonese community in the early 1820s and was also dedicated to Tua Pek Kong.17 It has since been converted into a museum.18


One of the oldest Hakka clan associations in Singapore is Ying Fo Fui Kun (应和会馆), established in 1822.19 Ying Fo Fui Kun began as a temple serving the needs of Hakka immigrants, but its founder Liu Runde (刘润德) had envisaged it as a public institution that would not only provide welfare services – the conventional role of a clan association – but also act as a kinship bridge between Hakka communities in Singapore and China.20


Ying Fo Fui Kun looked after the welfare of its members, including making funeral arrangements for deceased members.21 In 1905, it opened the Yin Sin School, which was then considered a modern Chinese school, to provide education for the children.22 The clan house has undergone major renovations several times, but has remained at its original site in Telok Ayer. It was restored extensively from 1997 to 1998 and gazetted as a national monument in 1998.23 The house features inscriptions and carvings from the 19th century; the oldest artefact which can be dated is an 1841 inscribed couplet.24 In 2010, it was reported that the building was affected by the construction of the Mass Rapid Transit’s Downtown Line, and cracks on the building were visible.25 The building was closed in 2013 for repair works and scheduled to re-open as a free public gallery in 2016.26


Practices

Hakka dishes traditionally reflect the lifestyle of the ancestors. Being migrants, they were constantly on the move, so they used salt to preserve their food, hence salt features strongly in Hakka dishes.27 An example of such a dish is salt-baked chicken.28 Rice wine is another common ingredient in Hakka food. Rice wine was a popular beverage of the community in ancient days as it helped them fight the cold of the north. Hakka cuisine also features many meat dishes. This reflects the farming background of many Hakkas, who ate a lot of meat to provide nourishment and bolster their strength for the back-breaking farm work.29


Certain dishes are specific to the province that the Hakka immigrants came from. For example, suan pan zi (算盘子) or “abacus seeds” – a dish consisting of flattened pieces of yam fried with tiny pieces of shrimp, mushrooms, bean curd strips and minced pork – originated from Dapu in southeast China.30 This and other traditional Hakka dishes would often be served at the Chinese New Year reunion dinner.31


The dish yong tau fu (酿豆腐), in particular, is a staple reunion dinner dish. This is because the ancestors of the Hakkas came from north China, where dumplings were often served during Chinese New Year. Upon migrating to south China where wheat was not grown, they could not produce flour to make dumplings. Thus, they made yong tau fu as a replacement.3

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